Its been a long time which takes almost 2 semesters I haven't write reflective journal. Hopefully, the things that I want to share is conveyed successfully.
In my opinion, Virtual Microbe for this time is slightly different compared to previous VM.
Thank you so much to my teammate of VM3 group 12 from UPM, UKM, and UM for being cooperative. I really appreciate every effort that everyone did even though I know that everybody have their own difficulties.
From the positive site, I can see that our lecturer want us to being proactive, get connection with students from different universities which have different capabilities.
but,
the things that need to improve are teamwork, good communication, participation and much more that actually included in the objective. For me, this kind of project are quite hard since we are difficult to meet and get same schedule to do teleconferencing and at last there are some people can't get involve.
I hope for the next time, this kind of project need to revise the pros and cons based on everyone feedback.
That's all, thank you so much.
Friday, 5 May 2017
Saturday, 12 November 2016
Virtual Microbes (VM)
Hi everyone.
Early advice from me, please don’t read my reflective journal because you will regret it and maybe you may not understand what I mean. :D
Early advice from me, please don’t read my reflective journal because you will regret it and maybe you may not understand what I mean. :D
Okay.
First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Wan for all that you
have done to me and my friends which bring us into this level. The level that I
mean only can be understood for whom that have gone through this virtual
microbes. Of course there are difficulties along this VM but I enjoy it. J
Some difficulties that I’d faced are my English proficiency which
quiet bad. I try to make you imagine the situation with some example. No
problem for the group work behind the video conference that we made I guess. When
we are doing video conference or Zooming,
I have the ideas about the topic that we discuss like teaching our group
members from UKM on how to use blendspace, popplet or even talk about virus, I
scared to speak because I’ll think that other group members like Dayang,
Zahirah, Sabrina, Josie can speak well better than me and the most important
think is the message can be convey clearly and fast. Even now, you have experienced
the situation which the message that I want to deliver to the readers not reach.
-.- sobsob
I’m very sorry to my group members for being not really efficient
while doing any task. Sometimes I’m not prepared enough before the discussion.
I really enjoy doing this VM because I can play with the apps, knowing my group
members better, having fun with them while running this VM’s project and also
nice to meet UKM’s microbe student. Not forget to thank my classmates which
keep discussing in the whatsapp group in order to accomplish this VM’s project.
Mission almost accomplished. I can see this project being successful.
Allah says, ‘Turn towards Allah, O Believers, everyone of you, so that perhaps you will have success.’ [24:31]
Allah says, ‘Turn towards Allah, O Believers, everyone of you, so that perhaps you will have success.’ [24:31]
All the best guys!!
Monday, 7 December 2015
:: The Awesome Microbes Carnival ::
Hi everyone!
For this entry, I would like to share about what I have done along The Awesome Microbes Carnival.
If I'm not mistaken, on first week or second week of lecture, we have been informed by Dr. Wan that she planned to do some big, very big event which is The Awesome Microbes Carnival. We have been assigned to do a poster about intracellular structure of Prokaryote. But, we were choose mitochondria as our intracellular structure which prokaryotes don't have. Weird right? haha.. The reason why we choose that organelle is because as we were assigned to do 3D model, we think that it is going to be very awesome, unique and beautiful. We work in group and going to be assess during the event. My group members are Dayang, Zahirah, Sabrina, Aishah Latif and Megat.
Besides that, I'm not in committee because I afraid that I can't give full commitment for this carnival. I believe that my friends are more dedicated and efficient do all those things than me. Sound sad. :'D
Not so frustrated, I have being participated in doing bookmark under publicity team. Actually, I nearly done creating bookmarks by using Photoshop but then they were informed that we have to hold the bookmarks because of lacking in budget. So, I'm not resumed another 70% and stop doing it. hehe...
A day or 2 days before the event, I saw my friends busy cutting a lot of paper and creating something. I asked them what they are trying to do. They answered they are in process to make bookmarks. I quite shock at the same time I feel so sorry to them because it should be me doing all those things. Sorry guys, I can not help you doing together because I have something to be done for the carnival. Thank you!
19th – 20th November 2015 | Thursday and Friday | is the day when The Awesome Microbe Carnival which is one of the biggest event that being held by the Microbiology Department from the Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia. Personally, the event looks grand and exclusive. It was very exciting and havoc! I feel nervous because we are going to present our poster about mitochondria to other people in English. My English was so bad. Especially my grammar. You can see from my entry as well. Haha. So sad. At first, my confident level is very low. I see my friends can explain it very fluent and confident. What I see is, they are very confident explaining even thought what they are saying sometimes are wrong! haha... kidding*
Honestly, at the carnival, I can speak and explain further to the visitors or lecturers if they are not around. Why? Maybe it is because I feel too shy and have high expectation to my friend and always comparing my weaknesses with others. I have to change! I believe I can do it better! #Prayforme
Based on the schedule provided to us, we have shift work. I was a person who is in charge on group's poster and puzzle booth. I enjoy all my jobs because I love to talk with people and meet new friends. I also take part in streaking activitiy booth. It was fun! I am happy explained about that because I can speak in Malay. hehe. I am totally sure that they understood what I talk about and they looks like interested to it. :D I feel relief Dr!!
I think that is all about the awesome microbes carnival. Thank you :) :)
For this entry, I would like to share about what I have done along The Awesome Microbes Carnival.
If I'm not mistaken, on first week or second week of lecture, we have been informed by Dr. Wan that she planned to do some big, very big event which is The Awesome Microbes Carnival. We have been assigned to do a poster about intracellular structure of Prokaryote. But, we were choose mitochondria as our intracellular structure which prokaryotes don't have. Weird right? haha.. The reason why we choose that organelle is because as we were assigned to do 3D model, we think that it is going to be very awesome, unique and beautiful. We work in group and going to be assess during the event. My group members are Dayang, Zahirah, Sabrina, Aishah Latif and Megat.
 | |
| Groups in Trello |
Not so frustrated, I have being participated in doing bookmark under publicity team. Actually, I nearly done creating bookmarks by using Photoshop but then they were informed that we have to hold the bookmarks because of lacking in budget. So, I'm not resumed another 70% and stop doing it. hehe...
A day or 2 days before the event, I saw my friends busy cutting a lot of paper and creating something. I asked them what they are trying to do. They answered they are in process to make bookmarks. I quite shock at the same time I feel so sorry to them because it should be me doing all those things. Sorry guys, I can not help you doing together because I have something to be done for the carnival. Thank you!
 |
| Mitochondria organelle |
Based on the schedule provided to us, we have shift work. I was a person who is in charge on group's poster and puzzle booth. I enjoy all my jobs because I love to talk with people and meet new friends. I also take part in streaking activitiy booth. It was fun! I am happy explained about that because I can speak in Malay. hehe. I am totally sure that they understood what I talk about and they looks like interested to it. :D I feel relief Dr!!
I think that is all about the awesome microbes carnival. Thank you :) :)
 |
| Second Year Microbiology Student |
Thursday, 8 October 2015
Topic 1: Intro to Prokaryotes. Not Eukaryotes !
SEPTEMBER 21,2015
Hi everybody!
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are extensively utilized in various food fermentations. The capacity of LAB to produce and secrete protein has been initiated to improve their use as production hosts for applications in food, feed and health care industries. Furthermore, LAB are already used in several industrial processes that could benefit from increased production of homologous or heterologous proteins. The majority of the expression and secretion studies have been performed with Lactococcus lactis, which is the most extensively investigated lactic acid bacterium. The basic knowledge of protein expression and secretion in LAB is still, however, very limited when compared to that of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, although recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of LAB to express and secrete foreign proteins, the evaluation of the limits of LAB in protein production requires further development of genetic tools, like new expression and secretion vectors and more knowledge about gene regulation and secretion machinery.
Source:
Other prokaryotic diversity is cyanobacteria which obtain their energy from photosynthesis. It is most successful group of microorganisms on earth. They are the most genetically diverse; they occupy a broad range of habitats across all latitudes, widespread in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, and they are found in the most extreme niches such as hot springs, salt works, and hypersaline bays. Photoautotrophic, oxygen-producing cyanobacteria created the conditions in the planet's early atmosphere that directed the evolution of aerobic metabolism and eukaryotic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria fulfill vital ecological functions in the world's oceans, being important contributors to global carbon and nitrogen budgets.
An
evolutionary lineage is a sequence of species, that form a line of descent,
each new species the direct result of speciation from an immediate ancestral
species. Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are
often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics.
Spirochaetes is a double-membrane bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature. It is distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, which run lengthwise between the bacterial inner membrane and outer membrane in periplasmic space. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. It is caused Lyme disease which is fastest growing vector-borne disease and live in the colon. Treponema pallidum is an obligate internal parasite which causes syphilis, a chronic human disease.
Green sulfur bacteria obligate anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria. Green sulfur bacteria are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium, which may glide) and occur in spheres, rods, and spirals. The green non slfur bacteria contain genera Chloroflexus.
I am interested in Deinococcus radiodurans known as ‘Conan the Bacterium’. Before that, what is meant by radiurans? It is actually mean radiation surviving. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile and has been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records.
The discovery of methanogens helped produce the idea for the kingdom Archaeobacteria, that would include methanogens (can grow on CO2 and H2 as their sole energy source), some extreme halophiles (large amounts of salt), and some extreme thermophilic sulfur-dependant organisms. Archaea only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment. Archaea were initially viewed as extremophiles living in harsh environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes, but they have since been found in a broad range of habitats, including soils, oceans, marshlands and the human colon, oral cavity, and skin. Thermoplasma are able to change its shape due to condition surround it. There would have larger in surface area. The smaller the size, the larger the suface area
Hi everybody!
This
is my first entry for my 3rd semester. I hope that I can improve my study,
at the same time polish my writing skills. Before we go through the lecture notes, we were asked to do summarization in Padlet on this subject which is physiology. You can click on Padlet to check it out ;)
Okay,
the first topic is Introduction to Prokaryotes. I feel that this topic often
repeated. If I am not mistaken, since 1st semester, I already learned about this
topic. Therefore, I should master about PROKARYOTES and explore more since this is my 2nd
or more times learn about it.
As
we all know, prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains which are BACTERIA (large domain) and ARCHEAE. This is the basic thing in microbiology which I had been
enlightened on some of microorganism’s diversity.
First
and foremost, why does prokaryotes named as ‘PROkaryotes’? This is because, it
is 1lack
of nucleus
and 2no
membrane bound organelles.
Most of prokaryotes consist a single cell, UNICELLULAR but a few multicellular (e.g.
myxobacteria) ß why?
Info :
Myxobacteria are Gram-negative bacteria which secreting lipopolysaccharides as outermembrane and include wide variety of pathogen as it is facultative anaerobes. It is predominantly
live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances (heterotroph).
From the picture shown above, the phylum is PROTEOBACTERIA. It was the
largest division of bacteria. That is why, it is exist as multicellular of
prokaryotes. The 'fruiting bodies' allows accumulation of the extracellular enzymes that are used to digest food, at the same time increase feeding efficiency. This type of prokaryotes does involved in nitrogen fixation (how?) and it is elongated rods that glide across solid surfaces. Myxobacteria are defined based on the rRNA (16s).
Other example is Thiomangarita namibiensis. It is a gram-negative coccoid Proteobacterium, found in the ocean sediments of the continental shelf of Namibia. It is one of the largest bacteria ever discovered and collecting nitrate and oxygen in water above the bottom in case of being resuspended and collecting sulfide in the sediments. It is also very easy to notice because it shines like a pearl. The pearl color gives it the name “Sulfur Pearl of Namibia”. The vacuole takes up about 98% of the interior. There are a few sulfur globules and the cytoplasm that fill the remainder of the space. It needs the large vacuole in order to store the nitrate it needs for survival because it can not move. Since they can not move they wait for what nitrate they are given. Each time there is a storm the ocean floor is stirred up and the mucous sheath that links the cells together catch the nitrate. The amount of nitrate that they capture allows them to go for about three months before they will die of starvation. They type of environment that they are in allows them to obtain the sulfur they need to break down the nitrate which keeps them alive.
Other example is Thiomangarita namibiensis. It is a gram-negative coccoid Proteobacterium, found in the ocean sediments of the continental shelf of Namibia. It is one of the largest bacteria ever discovered and collecting nitrate and oxygen in water above the bottom in case of being resuspended and collecting sulfide in the sediments. It is also very easy to notice because it shines like a pearl. The pearl color gives it the name “Sulfur Pearl of Namibia”. The vacuole takes up about 98% of the interior. There are a few sulfur globules and the cytoplasm that fill the remainder of the space. It needs the large vacuole in order to store the nitrate it needs for survival because it can not move. Since they can not move they wait for what nitrate they are given. Each time there is a storm the ocean floor is stirred up and the mucous sheath that links the cells together catch the nitrate. The amount of nitrate that they capture allows them to go for about three months before they will die of starvation. They type of environment that they are in allows them to obtain the sulfur they need to break down the nitrate which keeps them alive.
 |
| Thiomangarita namibiensis |
The Gram-positive bacteria has cytoplasmic
lipid membrane and thick
peptidoglycan layer.
Teichoic
acids + lipoids àlipoteichoic acids, which serve as
chelating agents (chemical compounds (usually organic compounds) that form complexes with
metal ions or other substrates), and also for certain types of adherence. For information, peptidoglycan
chains are cross-linked to form rigid cell walls by a bacterial enzyme
DD-transpeptidase. Some can produce endospore, when the environment becomes
more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state.
Most types of bacteria cannot change to the endospore form. Examples of
bacteria that can form endospores include Bacillus and Clostridium.
 |
| Bacillus anthracis |
 |
| Clostridium perfringens |
Next, for Streptomyces, it has ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites (such as antifungals,
antivirals, antitumorals, anti-hypertensives, immunosuppressants, and
especially antibiotics). In the
techniques of their production, infectious diseases still remain the second
leading cause of death worldwide, and bacterial infections cause approximately
17 million deaths annually, affecting mainly children and the elderly.
Self-medication and overuse of antibiotics is another important factor that
contributes to resistance, reducing the lifetime of the antibiotic, thus
causing the constant need for research and development of new antibiotics.
Source:
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious
Diseases, Volume 16, Issue 5, September–October
2012, Pages 466–471
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are extensively utilized in various food fermentations. The capacity of LAB to produce and secrete protein has been initiated to improve their use as production hosts for applications in food, feed and health care industries. Furthermore, LAB are already used in several industrial processes that could benefit from increased production of homologous or heterologous proteins. The majority of the expression and secretion studies have been performed with Lactococcus lactis, which is the most extensively investigated lactic acid bacterium. The basic knowledge of protein expression and secretion in LAB is still, however, very limited when compared to that of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, although recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of LAB to express and secrete foreign proteins, the evaluation of the limits of LAB in protein production requires further development of genetic tools, like new expression and secretion vectors and more knowledge about gene regulation and secretion machinery.
Source:
Wikipedia
Other prokaryotic diversity is cyanobacteria which obtain their energy from photosynthesis. It is most successful group of microorganisms on earth. They are the most genetically diverse; they occupy a broad range of habitats across all latitudes, widespread in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, and they are found in the most extreme niches such as hot springs, salt works, and hypersaline bays. Photoautotrophic, oxygen-producing cyanobacteria created the conditions in the planet's early atmosphere that directed the evolution of aerobic metabolism and eukaryotic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria fulfill vital ecological functions in the world's oceans, being important contributors to global carbon and nitrogen budgets.
 |
| blue-green algae |
 |
 |
Spirochaetes is a double-membrane bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature. It is distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, which run lengthwise between the bacterial inner membrane and outer membrane in periplasmic space. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. It is caused Lyme disease which is fastest growing vector-borne disease and live in the colon. Treponema pallidum is an obligate internal parasite which causes syphilis, a chronic human disease.
Green sulfur bacteria obligate anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria. Green sulfur bacteria are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium, which may glide) and occur in spheres, rods, and spirals. The green non slfur bacteria contain genera Chloroflexus.
 |
| Green Non-sulfur bacteria |
 |
| Green Sulfur Bacteria |
I am interested in Deinococcus radiodurans known as ‘Conan the Bacterium’. Before that, what is meant by radiurans? It is actually mean radiation surviving. It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile and has been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records.
 |
| Deinococcus radiodurans |
The discovery of methanogens helped produce the idea for the kingdom Archaeobacteria, that would include methanogens (can grow on CO2 and H2 as their sole energy source), some extreme halophiles (large amounts of salt), and some extreme thermophilic sulfur-dependant organisms. Archaea only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment. Archaea were initially viewed as extremophiles living in harsh environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes, but they have since been found in a broad range of habitats, including soils, oceans, marshlands and the human colon, oral cavity, and skin. Thermoplasma are able to change its shape due to condition surround it. There would have larger in surface area. The smaller the size, the larger the suface area
 |
| Archaea |
 |
| Pyrolobus fumarii |
 |
| Thermoplasma pallidum |
Extreme
acidic environments are characterized by their high metal content and lack of
nutrients (oligotrophy). Macroscopic biofilms and filaments usually grow on the
water-air interface or under the stream attached to solid substrates (streamers).
In the Río Tinto (Spain), brown filaments develop under the water stream where
the Gram-negative iron-oxidizing bacteria Leptospirillum spp. (L. ferrooxidans
and L. ferriphilum) and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are abundant. These
microorganisms play a critical role in bioleaching processes for industrial
(biominery) and environmental applications (acid mine drainage,
bioremediation). The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological
differences between the free living (planktonic) and the sessile (biofilm
associated) lifestyles of Leptospirillum spp. as part of its natural extremely
acidophilic community.
I think, that is all for this entry on the first topic of Physiology... Thank you :)
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